Can't login when using a domain account on PC

When logged in to Windows 10 using a domain, but logged into the Microsoft Store using a Microsoft Account, Minecraft for Windows 10 is unable to login to Xbox Live.

When clicking the Sign In button on the main menu, a message briefly flickers on screen for several frames reading "Connecting to XBox Live". This message quickly disappears, leaving the client not logged in.

Steps to Reproduce:
1. Login to a domain on a Windows 10 machine (i.e. do not use Microsoft account)
2. Open Microsoft Store.
3. Login to Microsoft Store using a valid Microsoft account with XBox Live.
4. Open Minecraft.
5. Click "Sign In" from main menu.

Expected behavior: the client should either automatically login using the Microsoft account already logged in to the Microsoft Store, or else prompt for email / password for Xbox Live.