[MCL-9024] Launcher fails to start the game / Game window doesn't appear

Mod Notice

This issue is caused by Warsaw, a Brazilian bank plugin. Uninstall it to fix the issue (source).

The bug

When I click "Play" in the launcher window, the game loads, but it doesn't start.
Launcher reports exit code 0 (no errors)

launcher_log.txt

[0304/185946:INFO:ClientHandler.cpp(155)] Hiding launcher!

[0304/185946:INFO:GameCallbacks.cpp(178)] launcher/launcher (main) info Process closed with exit code 0

[0304/185946:INFO:WindowsProcess.cpp(71)] Joining stdout thread

[0304/185946:INFO:WindowsProcess.cpp(73)] Joined!

[0304/185946:INFO:ClientHandler.cpp(149)] Shutting down!