Certain Blocks Turn Black or Invisible

Most common blocks turn either black or invisible, making me unable to play the game properly.

I should see a normal, bug free world, free of problems.

What happens is I open a 1.8 world, and the majority of the blocks are invisible while the rest are pitch-black. When I open a 1.7 world, however, the bug's effect is different. For a few minutes, the world is normal; but then, everything goes either pitch-black, invisible, or in the case of water, gray. Similar to 1.7, with 1.8 the world is normal for about a quarter of a second, right after the world is created.

I do not recall exactly how this came about, only that I tried a snapshot that was released after 1.8.8, and now all the snapshot, 1.7, and .18 worlds were all effected. I have attempted to solve this problem by deleting Minecraft and re-downloading it, but to no avail.

Some of the things I described have screenshots to go with them; the only ones in 1.7 versions are the ones that specifically say so, the others are 1.8.9.