Order of rendering translucent block faces fails to update with camera position

The bug

Various visual artifacts appear on translucent blocks after movement, because whatever handles sorting translucency layers does not update as you move around.

How to reproduce

1. Create a superflat world with preset:

   minecraft:bedrock,minecraft:green_stained_glass,minecraft:red_stained_glass,minecraft:blue_stained_glass;minecraft:the_void
   

2. Fly up ~10 blocks (doesn't matter much)
3. Use this command:

   /tp @p 100 ~ 100 135 45

4. Press F3 + T (then wait for chunks to load)
5. Use this command:

   /tp @p 0 ~ 0 -45 45

   → You will notice you cannot see the green and red glass in multiple chunks

Expected behaviour

The block faces would be sorted on each frame, so that they always render in the correct order.

Analysis

Ceresjanin123 has done a good analysis in this comment.
douira has done a good analysis in this comment.