Cannot continue from main menu under Linux

The problem affects all versions of Minecraft.

I can start the game and get to the main menu of Minecraft. However, when I click any in-game button like "Multiplayer" or "Options", nothing happens. I have noticed that when I hover over a button with my mouse, it does highlight it, though.

The message of the day in the top-right corner of the window is very laggy. It seems like I've got only 0.5 fps. However, I've seen somebody play Minecraft with an Intel Pentium Quad Core N3700 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgeXPVLOJWQ).

I guess the system should be fast enough to at least get into the game. However, it doesn't recognise clicking any of the in-game buttons.

Help is greatly appreciated! Thank you very much!

Edit: Adding the output of the Minecraft launcher as requested.

Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: Using incremental CMS is deprecated and will likely be removed in a future release
[10:11:23] [Client thread/INFO]: Setting user: GoldjungeXOXO
[10:11:26] [Client thread/INFO]: LWJGL Version: 2.9.4
[10:11:28] [Client thread/INFO]: Reloading ResourceManager: Default
[10:11:28] [Sound Library Loader/INFO]: Starting up SoundSystem...
[10:11:29] [Thread-5/INFO]: Initializing LWJGL OpenAL
[10:11:29] [Thread-5/INFO]: (The LWJGL binding of OpenAL. For more information, see http://www.lwjgl.org)
[10:11:29] [Thread-5/INFO]: OpenAL initialized.
[10:11:29] [Sound Library Loader/INFO]: Sound engine started
[10:11:32] [Client thread/INFO]: Created: 1024x512 textures-atlas
[10:12:37] [Client thread/INFO]: Stopping!
[10:12:37] [Client thread/INFO]: SoundSystem shutting down...
[10:12:37] [Client thread/WARN]: Author: Paul Lamb, www.paulscode.com